5C_Photosynthesis+Review

After you have gone through the topic, try to see if you could answer these review questions:

This is to ensure the maximum amount of chlorophyl can be exposed to the sunlight. As chlorophyl is able to move in the cell, it is alright if the only such a small part of the palisade mesophyll is exposed to the epidermis.
 * 1) Why are the palisade mesophyll tightly packed and arranged at right angles to the epidermis?

Guard cells are bean shaped so that it can form an opening for the cells called a stomata.
 * 1) Why are the guard cells bean-shaped?

Cells that contain chloroplasts are palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and guard cells. Cells that do not contain chloroplasts is epidermal cells.
 * 1) Name the 3 types of cells in the leaf that contains chloroplasts and 1 type that doesn’t.

To reduce the water loss as transpiration takes place with the stomata and exposing the stomata to sunlight increases rate of water loss.
 * 1) Why are stomata found mainly on the lower epidermis of horizontal leaves and not the epidermis?

Aquatic cells are in water so they have no lack of water. Instead they lack air so the stoma needs to face upwards towards where the air is to try to get as much air as possible. Similarly, for the terrestrial plants they lack water while they have plenty of air. Thus, they reduce the number stoma facing sunlight as exposure of sunlight increases rate of water loss.
 * 1) Most terrestrial plants have stomata on the lower epidermis yet many aquatic plants like water lilies have stomata only on the upper epidermis. Explain why this is so.

The plant will die as the oil will obstruct the plant from taking in any air and thus, the plant cannot photosynthesize or respirate.
 * 1) What happens if I coat all the leaves of a plant with oil? Explain.


 * 1) Construct a table each to show the differences between Palisade Mesophyll and Spongy Mesophyll and differences between Guard Cells and Epidermal Cells.

**Palisade Mesophyll** || **Spongy Mesophyll** || Have high amount of chloroplast || Relatively less amount of chloroplast || Tightly packed || Loosely packed || Long and lean shape || Rounded shape ||  **Guard cells** || **Epidermal Cells** || Contains chloroplasts || Does not contain chloroplasts || Thick cell walls || Thinner cell walls || Bean shaped || Rectangular shaped ||

*there are some adaptations addressed above which I will not include **Structure** || **Adaptations** || Large flat surface || Allow maximum amount of light for absorption || Thin lamina || Allows carbon dioxide to reach inner cells rapidly for photosynthesis; also enables sunlight to reach all mesophyll cells. || Waxy cuticle on on side of the epidermal cells || Prevents water loss || Transparent epidermal cells || Allows sunlight to reach the mesophyll cells quicker where photosynthesis can take place much more efficiently due to the cells being specially designed for that purpose || Stomata || Exchange of gases; transpiration; more stomata on the bottom to prevent water loss through transpiration. || Loosely packed spongy mesophyll cells || Allows quick diffusion of carbon dioxide to the palisade mesophyll cells || Veins containing xylem and phloem || For quick transportation of glucose to the other parts of the plant and quick transportation of water to the leaves. ||
 * 1) How is the leaf adapted for Photosynthesis?

**Adaptations of Leaf for Photosynthesis and their Related Analogies** photosynthesis_table.jpg ||
 * [[image:webkit-fake-url://D16D43E5-BC81-418F-8396-1770B90EE1EF/pastedGraphic.pdf caption="pastedGraphic.pdf"]] ||

Watch the video "The Private Lives of Plants - Growing" and answer the following questions:

o Why do young seedlings of climbers grow away from light? Because they need to find a tree trunk first and bottom of tree trunks normally do not have much light due to the lights blocking the sunlight from reaching the ground.

o What are the forces that cause the leaves to unfold during growth? WATER hydrostatic pressure

o Why are some of the leaves and leaf stalks “hairy”? Leaves and ferns are hairy as the hair helps to trap moisture. This mostly occurs in young ferns which are still very tender.

o Name as many different types of leaf shape as possible.
 * Acicular - needle shaped
 * Compound
 * Cordate - heart shaped
 * Elliptic - oval shaped
 * Flabellate - fan shaped
 * Linear - long and lean shaped
 * Ovovate - teardrop shaped
 * Sagittate - arrowhead shaped

o Name a few strategies that plants use to gather light. Crown shying- leaves are positioned such that they do not overlap. Waiting for a big tree to die and topple so that they can take over the place of the huge tree. Some of the top of leaves are spiky so that the sunlight will be reflected and the light focus will be on the cells.

o Why do roots have root hairs? What are their characteristics? The growing tip of the root does not have root hair as the sole function of the root tip is to divide cells so as to keep the root ever growing. The tip is also stronger so it can penetrate better. The purpose of root hair is to help the root help absorb water more efficiently as with the root hair, there will be a large surface area to volume ratio of the root hair. Root hairs are very thin and fine.

o How much water is loss through the stomata? 90%

o How do trees “pump” water up its trunk to the leaves in the canopy layer? Through tubes in the trunk. Capillary action helps the trees too.

o What are the properties of these “pipes”? What are they called? They are called the xylem tubes. They tend to be found further inside the trunk then the phloem tubes presumably to prevent water loss. They extend all the way to the different leaves of the trees. The tubes are also thinner than the phloem tubes but have a thicker wall to support the higher pressure of the water. They also have holes to travel to other parts of the plant.

o How do plants prevent the problem of having too much water accumulating on its large leaf surface especially in the tropics? Most plants have drip tips.

o Why do proboscis monkeys have to spend so many hours eating? Why do they have a large belly? The proboscis monkeys eat leaves. Leaves lack nutrients compared to other food sources so they need a lot of leaves to compensate for that. They have a large belly to contain the bacteria and a lot of air needed to ferment the leaves.

o How do you tell the difference between a leaf that has been eaten by a caterpillar and that of a grasshopper? Leaves eaten by caterpillars tend to have distinct round holes that are usually relatively large. This is as a caterpillar first partially cuts a huge hole in the leaf then flips that partially cut piece over itself. It then starts eating that part of the leaf.

o What are the damages that are inflicted on plants? What strategies do these plants employ to protect themselves? Use the examples featured in the show to explain their strategies Acacia: spikes on the outer leaves where giraffes normally feed on Nettle: sharp spikes which contain poison Pebble plant: camouflages as a pebble Passion flowers: camouflages butterfly eggs on itself so that other insects will not lay anymore eggs on it Bracken: extremely poisonous. Mimosa: closes upon touch.

__//Some notes made during class.//__ //genetic switching of genes. response towards life and gravity? did it grow vertical/horizontal at the beginning of the life? if no, when did it start growing vertical. since it is a climber.// //the _// __//the surface area of the leaf, the//__ //_ the height of the tree.// //young ferns are hairy, why!!// //hair to trap the moisture. as the young ferns are still very tender// //Leaves are positioned such that they do not overlap.// //'crown shying'// //PLANTS DO MOVE, just super slowly. they move with the sun, towards the sunlight!// //primary flower seedlings grow slowly in the forest. they wait for one of the big trees to die to take over the big tree... YAWN! too much sunlight not good! >: )// //indoor plants are generally undergrowth plants cause undergrowth plants grow well in the shade.//  //top of the leaves are spiky -> reflect light back and allows focus on light to be on cells.//  //growing tip of the root doesnt have root hair as the sole function is to divide to keep the root ever growing! the tip is stronger is it can penetrate better also :) :D haha i am typing without seeing my screen LOL :D to help the root help absorb water, there is a large surface area to volume ratio of the root hair and is very thin and fine.// //tree trunk! immediately below bark carries food down towards different parts of the trees. further into the trunk are the tubes that carry the water up into the branches and the leaves. ninety percent of the water it takes in is lost! O: O: O: they xylem tubes are hallow and very thin (thinner than the phloem) thick walls to support the pressure. holes to travel to other parts of the plant.

what is the force that causes the flower to open up? WATER hydrostatic pressure

pointed tips to ensure the water drains rapidly and doesnt linger on the leaf, blocking the stomata.

the proboscis monkeys have huge belly that contain a lot of air and bacteria. have to spend a lot fo time eating as leaves are not very nutritious. sit around to ferment the leaves that are not very digestible.

caterpillars are SMART!!! damage by animals come at a high price to plants. so they deter animals by using thorns and such.//